We present a method for generating stroke-based painterly drawings of participating media, such as smoke, fire, and clouds, by transferring stroke attributes — color, width, length, and orientation — from exemplar to animation frames. Building on the stroke transfer framework, we introduce features and basis fields capturing lighting-, view-, and geometry-dependent information, extending surface-based ones (e.g., intensity, apparent normals and curvatures, and distance from silhouettes) to volumetric scenes while supporting traditional surface objects. Novel features, including apparent relative velocity and mean free-path, address non-rigid flow and dynamic scenes. Our system combines automated exemplar selection, user-guided style learning, and temporally coherent stroke generation, enabling artistic and expressive visualizations of dynamic media.

Non-photorealistic rendering, stroke-based rendering, example-based, stroke transfer, vector field generation, participating media, volumetric normals and curvatures, automatic exemplar selection

We thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful suggestions and discussions. We thank Mitsuki Hamamichi and Yuta Morimoto for helping us preparing the examples. This work was supported in part by a grant from JST FOREST Program, JPMJFR206R, Japan, a JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 25H00399, Japan, a JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 25K00921, Japan, a JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 22K12051, and a JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 25K15140.